Troposphere Structure
The troposphere, extending from Earth's surface to about 12 kilometers, contains most weather phenomena. Temperature decreases with altitude in this layer at a rate of approximately 6.5°C per kilometer. This layer holds about 75% of atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapor. Ground-level heating and cooling drive weather patterns and vertical mixing of air.
Stratospheric Features
The stratosphere extends from the troposphere to about 50 kilometers altitude. Temperature increases with height due to ozone absorption of ultraviolet radiation. This temperature inversion prevents vertical mixing, creating stable conditions. The ozone layer within this region protects Earth's surface from harmful solar radiation.
Upper Atmosphere Dynamics
Higher layers include the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere, each with distinct characteristics. The mesosphere features the coldest atmospheric temperatures, while the thermosphere becomes extremely hot due to solar radiation. These upper layers affect satellite orbits, radio communication, and aurora formation. Understanding atmospheric structure helps predict weather patterns and protect Earth's environment. Shutdown123