Natural Selection Evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully than others. These beneficial traits pass to offspring, becoming more common in populations over time. Environmental pressures like predation, resource competition, and climate changes drive selection. Th

Troposphere Structure The troposphere, extending from Earth's surface to about 12 kilometers, contains most weather phenomena. Temperature decreases with altitude in this layer at a rate of approximately 6.5°C per kilometer. This layer holds about 75% of atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapor. Ground-level heating and cooling drive weathe

Circulatory Structure The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood working together to transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste throughout the body. The heart functions as a four-chambered pump, with the right side handling deoxygenated blood and the left side managing oxygenated blood. Arteries carry blood away from the

Fundamental Laws Energy conservation represents a fundamental law of physics stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between different forms. In closed systems, the total energy remains constant despite changes in form, such as converting kinetic energy to potential energy. This principle underlies all physical proce